The research behind every ingredient.

What it found: Clinical research published in the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition examined betaine supplementation in active adults and observed associations with strength and power output.

Why it's in this formula: Cholewa JM et al. - Effects of betaine on body composition, performance, and homocysteine thiolactone Journal: Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2013 What it found: Researchers observed that betaine supplementation over six weeks was associated with improvements in muscle strength and power output in resistance-trained individuals compared to placebo. Why it's in Core Dose: Betaine is the lead active compound in AM Core Dose at 375mg per capsule - the dose range used in published research.

What it found: Research published in Nature Communications found that NR supplementation raised NAD+ levels in healthy adults. NAD+ is a coenzyme involved in cellular energy metabolism that declines significantly with age.

Why it's in this formula: Trammell SAJ et al. - Nicotinamide riboside is uniquely and orally bioavailable in healthy humans Journal: Nature Communications, 2016 What it found: Oral NR supplementation significantly increased NAD+ metabolite concentrations in human blood in a dose-dependent manner, demonstrating that NR is bioavailable and raises NAD+ levels in healthy adults. Why it's in Core Dose: NAD+ levels decline by up to 50% between age 40 and 60. NR is the most clinically studied oral NAD+ precursor available.

What it found: A systematic review published in the Journal of Human Hypertension examined CoQ10 research across multiple trials. Separate research has examined CoQ10 in the context of exercise and mitochondrial function in adults.

Why it's in this formula: Rosenfeldt FL et al. - Coenzyme Q10 in the treatment of hypertension: a meta-analysis of the clinical trials Journal: Journal of Human Hypertension, 2007 What it found: A meta-analysis of clinical trials found that CoQ10 supplementation produced meaningful changes in several measured parameters in adults. Separate research has shown CoQ10 levels decline with age and with statin use. Why it's in Core Dose: CoQ10 is essential for mitochondrial energy production. Natural synthesis declines significantly after 40 — particularly relevant for active adults with high energy demands.

What it found: Research published in Magnesium Research has examined magnesium bioavailability across different forms. The glycinate form has been shown to have superior absorption compared to oxide and other inorganic forms.

Why it's in this formula: Schuette SA et al. - Bioavailability of magnesium diglycinate vs magnesium oxide in patients with ileal resection Journal: Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 1994 What it found: Magnesium glycinate demonstrated significantly higher bioavailability compared to magnesium oxide, supporting its use where absorption is the priority. Additional reference: Abbasi B et al. - The effect of magnesium supplementation on primary insomnia in elderly - Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 2012. Found magnesium supplementation associated with improvements in sleep measures in older adults. Why it's in Core Dose: Magnesium is involved in over 300 enzymatic processes. We use bisglycinate specifically for its absorption advantage over cheaper alternatives.

What it found: Research published in Nutrition examined zinc picolinate absorption versus other zinc forms and found meaningful differences in bioavailability. Separate research has examined zinc's relationship with testosterone in active men.

Why it's in this formula: Sandstead HH - Zinc bioavailability: A review of factors affecting its retention Journal: Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 1995 What it found: Zinc picolinate demonstrated superior absorption compared to zinc citrate and zinc gluconate in controlled studies, making form selection meaningful for supplementation outcomes. Additional reference: Kilic M et al. - The effect of exhaustion exercise on thyroid hormones and testosterone levels of elite athletes receiving oral zinc - Neuro Endocrinology Letters, 2006. Examined zinc's relationship with testosterone levels in physically active men. Why it's in Core Dose: Zinc supports testosterone maintenance, immune function and protein synthesis - all of which are impacted by training load and age-related decline.

What it found: A large-scale review published in the British Medical Journal examined Vitamin D deficiency prevalence across the UK population. Separate research has examined D3's relationship with testosterone, immune function and mood regulation in adults.

Why it's in this formula: Pilz S et al. - Effect of vitamin D supplementation on testosterone levels in men Journal: Hormone and Metabolic Research, 2011 What it found: Men who received Vitamin D3 supplementation over 12 months had significantly higher testosterone levels compared to the placebo group at the end of the study period. Additional reference: Martineau AR et al. - Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections - BMJ, 2017. Found Vitamin D supplementation associated with reduced risk of acute respiratory infection across 25 randomised controlled trials. Why it's in Core Dose: Provided at 1000iu - 500% NRV - reflecting the scale of deficiency in the UK adult population and the evidence base for meaningful supplementation levels.

What it found: Research published in Thrombosis and Haemostasis examined the biological half-life of different K2 forms. MK-7 was found to remain active in the body significantly longer than MK-4, supporting its use in supplementation.

Why it's in this formula: Study: Schurgers LJ et al. - Vitamin K-containing dietary supplements: comparison of synthetic vitamin K1 and natto-derived menaquinone-7 Journal: Blood, 2007 What it found: MK-7 (the form used in Elude) remained biologically active for over 72 hours after ingestion compared to hours for MK-4, and was associated with superior carboxylation of vitamin K-dependent proteins involved in calcium regulation. Why it's in Core Dose: K2 MK-7 works synergistically with D3 to direct calcium to bones rather than arterial walls. The two should always be taken together - which is why both are in AM Core Dose.

What it found: Research published in the Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology examined boron supplementation and its relationship with testosterone and bone metabolism markers in men.

Why it's in this formula: Naghii MR et al. - Comparative effects of daily and weekly boron supplementation on plasma steroid hormones and proinflammatory cytokines Journal: Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 2011 What it found: Daily boron supplementation was associated with significant increases in free testosterone and reductions in inflammatory markers including IL-6 and TNF-α in healthy male volunteers over two weeks. Why it's in Core Dose: Boron supports free testosterone levels, bone density and cognitive function - three areas of meaningful decline in active adults from their 40s onwards. We use the glycinate form for improved bioavailability.

What it found: Research published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition examined selenium bioavailability across different forms. Selenomethionine was found to be significantly more bioavailable than inorganic selenium forms.

Why it's in this formula: Burk RF et al. - Selenoprotein metabolism and function: evidence for more than one function for selenoprotein P Journal: Journal of Nutrition, 2003 What it found: Selenium in the methionine form is incorporated more efficiently into selenoproteins - the proteins responsible for antioxidant defence and thyroid hormone conversion - compared to inorganic selenium sources. Additional reference: Rayman MP - The importance of selenium to human health - The Lancet, 2000. A comprehensive review of selenium's roles in thyroid function, antioxidant defence and immune response. Why it's in Core Dose: Selenium is essential for thyroid hormone conversion, antioxidant defence via glutathione peroxidase and immune response. Provided at 60% NRV in the most bioavailable form available.

What it found: Research has examined Vitamin B6's role in neurotransmitter synthesis, energy metabolism and its synergistic relationship with zinc and magnesium in active adults. Deficiency becomes more common with age and high training loads.

Why it's in this formula: Rall LC and Meydani SN - Vitamin B6 and immune competence Journal: Nutrition Reviews, 1993 What it found: B6 plays a critical role in immune function, protein metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis. Deficiency impairs immune response and is more prevalent in older adults and those with high physical training loads. Additional reference: Cinar V et al. - Effects of magnesium supplementation on testosterone levels of athletes and sedentary subjects at rest and after exhaustion - Biological Trace Element Research, 2011. Examined the synergistic relationship between B6, zinc and magnesium in physically active men. Why it's in Core Dose: Provided at 121% NRV. B6 works synergistically with zinc and magnesium throughout the formula - these three compounds potentiate each other's absorption and biological effect.

What it found: Research published in Amino Acids examined taurine's role in sleep regulation and nervous system function. Taurine acts on GABA receptors - the primary calming neurotransmitter system - supporting nervous system downregulation in the evening.

Why it's in this formula: Ochoa-de la Paz L et al. - Taurine and GABA neurotransmitter receptors, a relationship with therapeutic potential Journal: Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2019 What it found: Taurine acts as an agonist at GABA receptors, the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter system in the brain, supporting the neurochemical conditions associated with calm and sleep onset. Additional reference: Oja SS and Saransaari P - Pharmacology of taurine - Proceedings of the Western Pharmacology Society, 2007. Reviewed taurine's role in central nervous system regulation and neuroprotection. Why it's in Recovery Dose: Delivered in the evening when nervous system downregulation is the priority. Taurine supports the transition from the active cortisol-driven state of the day toward the repair-focused state of overnight recovery.

What it found: A randomised controlled trial published in Sleep and Biological Rhythms found that glycine supplementation before bed was associated with improvements in sleep quality and next-day cognitive performance in adults reporting unsatisfactory sleep.

Why it's in this formula: Yamadera W et al. - Glycine ingestion improves subjective sleep quality in human volunteers, correlating with polysomnographic changes Journal: Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 2007 What it found: Adults who took 3g of glycine before sleep reported significantly better sleep quality, reduced fatigue and improved performance on memory tasks the following day compared to placebo. Polysomnographic data showed glycine reduced time to slow-wave sleep onset. Why it's in Recovery Dose: Glycine is one of the most clinically validated sleep compounds available. It works directly on central nervous system thermoregulation - lowering core body temperature, which is a key physiological trigger for sleep onset.

What it found: Research published in the Journal of Research in Medical Sciences found that magnesium supplementation was associated with improvements in sleep quality, sleep onset and early morning awakening in older adults with insomnia symptoms.

Why it's in this formula: Abbasi B et al. - The effect of magnesium supplementation on primary insomnia in elderly: A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial Journal: Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 2012 What it found: Magnesium supplementation over eight weeks was associated with statistically significant improvements in sleep efficiency, sleep time, sleep onset and early morning awakening compared to placebo in adults aged 60–75. Why it's in Recovery Dose: We use bisglycinate - the most bioavailable form - for superior absorption. Magnesium supports nervous system downregulation, muscle relaxation and the physiological transition into deep sleep. Active adults over 40 with high training loads are disproportionately likely to be deficient.

What it found: Research published in Nutritional Neuroscience examined L-theanine supplementation and its effects on sleep quality in healthy adults. Separate research has examined its effects on anxiety reduction and alpha brain wave activity.

Why it's in this formula: Hidese S et al. - Effects of L-theanine administration on stress-related symptoms and cognitive functions in healthy adults Journal: Nutrients, 2019 What it found: L-theanine supplementation over four weeks was associated with significant reductions in stress-related symptoms and improvements in sleep quality, including sleep latency and sleep disturbance scores in healthy adults. Additional reference: Nobre AC et al. - L-theanine, a natural constituent in tea, and its effect on mental state - Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2008. Found L-theanine promoted alpha brain wave activity associated with calm alertness without sedation. Why it's in Recovery Dose: L-theanine promotes calm alertness that transitions naturally into quality sleep - without sedation or next-day grogginess. Particularly effective when combined with magnesium glycinate in the same formula.

What it found: Research published in the Italian Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics and separate studies in European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences have examined myo-inositol's role in mood regulation, anxiety reduction and sleep quality via serotonin and GABA pathways.

Why it's in this formula: Bruni O et al. - The role of inositol in sleep disorders Journal: Frontiers in Neuroscience, 2021 What it found: Myo-inositol plays a role in the regulation of serotonin and GABA signalling pathways - both of which are directly involved in sleep architecture, mood regulation and anxiety reduction. The review examined inositol's potential as a sleep-supporting compound via these neurochemical mechanisms. Additional reference: Palatnik A et al. - Double-blind, controlled, crossover trial of inositol versus fluvoxamine for the treatment of panic disorder - Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2001. Examined inositol's effects on anxiety-related outcomes. Why it's in Recovery Dose: Myo-inositol supports the neurochemical conditions for deep restorative sleep via serotonin and GABA pathways - making it a logical companion to L-theanine, glycine and magnesium glycinate in the PM formula.

What it found: Research published in the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition examined phosphatidylserine supplementation in athletes and found associations with blunted cortisol response to exercise stress - supporting the hormonal conditions for overnight recovery.

Why it's in this formula: Starks MA et al. - The effects of phosphatidylserine on endocrine response to moderate intensity exercise Journal: Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2008 What it found: Phosphatidylserine supplementation was associated with a significantly blunted cortisol response to moderate intensity exercise compared to placebo, along with a tendency toward improved testosterone to cortisol ratio - a key marker of recovery status in athletes. Additional reference: Benton D et al. - The influence of phosphatidylserine supplementation on mood and heart rate when faced with an acute stressor - Nutritional Neuroscience, 2001. Found phosphatidylserine supplementation associated with reduced psychological stress responses. Why it's in Recovery Dose: Phosphatidylserine helps blunt the cortisol response to training stress - supporting the hormonal conditions your body needs to maximise overnight cellular repair. Sourced from sunflower for a cleaner ingredient profile.